Two enabling factors for farmer-driven pollinator protection in low- and middle-income countries

Reward-based wildflower strips are the most common approach for pollinator protection in high-income countries. Low- and middle-income countries cannot afford this practice. A promising pilot study Uzbekistan introduced an alternative approach, Farming with Alternative Pollinators, focusing on farmers as target group, marketable habitat enhancement plants a method-inherent incentive: higher income per surface achieved already first year. We hypothesized that would be replicable enabling factor across continents, but knowledge-raising campaign necessary many low- assessed replicability of incentive small number 2015–2016 Morocco focused assessing if have sufficient knowledge to recognize wild pollinators use approach. conducted 766 interviews using standardized questionnaire randomly selected smallholder three culturally different farming societies (Morocco, Turkey Benin). Pollinators induced (75% (2015), 177% (2016)) also Morocco. The trial survey show indispensability second factor. However, based capacity building, could indeed high potential promote